Formation of our planet Humans walk
The beginnings of civilization Common Era Bibliography
10-43 Seconds 1032 o Celsius
10-36-10-32 Sec Rapid Inflation. The Four Fundamental Forces fully separate. The Universe is full of radiation. There are slightly more quarks than anti-quarks, and thus quarks begin to combine to form matter that we understand.
10-5 Seconds Photons collide, their energy is converted into mass: protons, electrons and neutrons.
100–180 Sec 1 billion degrees (109). Protons and neutrons form H (Hydrogen) and He (Helium - positively charged, no electron, too hot). 10 H to one He then and still today. Space filled with electrons and atomic nuclei. Opaque to radiation. Packets of photons could not go far without colliding with electrons and immediately blocked.
300,000 Years 4000o – 3000o Celsius. Cool enough that most electrons have been captured by protons to form neutral atoms. Radiation no longer blocked. With no free electrons left to scatter photons of light, the universe became transparent to radiation. It is this light that we see today as the cosmic background radiation
1 Million Years Nuclei and electrons were at low enough temperatures to coalesce to form other atoms.
1 Billion Years Galaxies Form. Stars are born. Massive
Stars build up heavy elements inside and explode as
supernovae spewing them to form new stars.
After the Big Bang
Approximately a dozen billion years go by and then...
4.56 Billion OUR
SOLAR
SYSTEM FORMS, THE EARTH FORMS 4,560 Million Years Ago
4.56 bil - 545 mil PRECAMBRIAN (ARCHAEAN AND
PROTEROZOIC) [4,560,000,000 - 545,000,000]
4,560-2,500 mil ARCHAEAN [4,560,000,000 - 2,500,000,000]
MOLTEN EARTH PHASE 4,560 Million to 3,200 Million Years Ago
3,500 Million Earliest evidence of life on planet Earth
COOLING EARTH PHASE 3,200 Million to 1,900 Million Years Ago
2,500- 545 mil PROTEROZOIC [2,500,000,000 to 545,000,000]
(Cooling Earth Phase continues until 1,900 Million)
WATERY EARTH PHASE 1,900 Million to 600 Million Years Ago
ICE HOUSE PHASE (1st) 600 Million to 500 Million Years Ago
Multi-Cellular Animals Appear
545–495 mil
CAMBRIAN [545,000,000 to 495,000,000]
(Ice House Phase continues until 500 Million)
Animals with shells and skeletons appear
495– 443 mil ORDOVICIAN [495,000,000 to 443,000,000]
GREEN HOUSE PHASE
Fish appear
Oceans appear and disappear
At the end:
Land Plants Appear
MASS EXTINCTION (1st)
SHORT ICE HOUSE PHASE (2nd)
443–417 mil SILURIAN [443,000,000 to 417,000,000]
GREENHOUSE PHASE 443 Million to 370 Million
417–362 mil DEVONIAN [417,000,000 to 362,000,000]
(Greenhouse Phase continues until 370 Million)
Multipede arthropods appear on land
Sharks
Wingless insects
Trees
Ancestors to amphibians and reptiles
ICEHOUSE PHASE (3rd) 370 Million to 206 Million
MASS EXTINCTION (2nd)
362–290 mil CARBONIFEROUS [362,000,000 to 290,000,000]
(Icehouse Phase continues until 206 Million)
335 million Amphibians appear
325 million
Flying insects
appear
Land Masses Collide and Form the PANGAEA
290–248 mil PERMIAN [290,000,000 to 248,000,000]
(Icehouse Phase continues until 206 Million)
At the
beginning Sea Level 70 meters below current level
At the
end
MASS EXTINCTION (3rd)
248–206 mil TRIASSIC [248,000,000 to 206,000,000]
(Icehouse phase continues until 206 Million)
LIFE BLOOMS
230
million
DINOSAURS APPEAR
Mammals Appear
Marine and Flying Reptiles Appear
At the end
MASS EXTINCTION (4th)
206–144 mil JURASSIC [206,000,000 to 144,000,000]
GREENHOUSE PHASE 206 Million to 34 Million
170 million PANGAEA Breaks up Creating Oceans and Seas
145 million Birds Appear
144–65 mil CRETACEOUS [144,000,000 to 65,000,000]
(Greenhouse phase continues until 34 Million)
Sea level rising – 250 meters higher than current level.
Flowering plants appear
MASS EXTINCTION (5th)
- end of the story for Dinosaurs
65–1.75 mil TERTIARY (PALAEOCENE, EOCENE, OLIGOCENE, MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE) [65,000,000 to 1,750,000]
65–55.5 mil PALAEOCENE [65,000,000 to 55,500,000]
(Greenhouse Phase continues until 34 Million)
55.5–34 mil EOCENE [55,500,000 to 34,000,000]
(Greenhouse Phase continues until 34 Million)
Horses
Primates
Marine Mammals
35 million Ice Forms at the South Pole
34–24 mil OLIGOCENE [34,000,000 to 24,000,000]
CURRENT ICEHOUSE PHASE (4th) 34 Million to Present
24–5 mil MIOCENE [24,000,000 to 5,000,000]
(Icehouse Phase continues until Present)
20 Million EARLY GREAT APES, the ancestors of humans
19 Million Dryopithecus in Africa. (Proconsul)
15 Million Dryopithecus in Africa and Europe
13 Million Ramapithecus in East Africa
10 Million Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus in Pakistan, India and Europe
Black Hole in the fossil record.
6 Million Evidence of Hominids
5-1.75 mil PLIOCENE
(Icehouse Phase continues until Present)
5,000,000 Australopithicenes Walk Upright in East Africa. (Leakey and others think sooner.)
3,000,000 Ice Forms on the North Pole
2,500,000
PALAEOLITHIC
Beginning of Present Ice Age 8
(?: See 800,000. In any case, an Ice Age within the greater Icehouse Phase which began the Oligocene 34
Million Years BP)
First Tools – Hadar, Ethiopia and Olduvia Gorge, Tanzania
2,000,000 Homo Habilis evolves
[somewhere in here the Oldowan gives way to the Acheulian industry: St. Acheul site in N. France]
1,800,000
Homo Habilis fades from fossil record (?)
Home erectus left Africa and enters Israel 1
1.75 mil-Present QUATERNARY [1,750,000 to Present]
(Icehouse phase continues until Present)
1,500,000 Homo Erectus evolves and brings about a major change in tools (and the use of)2 (?: See 1,800,000)
800,000
Beginning of Ice Ages 2
LINK TO: Ice Cap Behavior from 880,000.8
Use of Fire 2 (Natural Science London has it at 500,000)
Humans spread to Europe 2
500,000 Homo heidelbergensis, the first 1st Britons, Interglacial period
250,000 LEVALLOIS TECHNIQUE
200,000–30,000 Neanderthalensis in Europe and West Asia 8
120,000 Modern humans evolve 8
100,000-40,000 Neanderthals: They buried dead, had first ceremonies, modern humans evolve in Africa. 8
70,000 First Ceremonies (see 100,000)
45,000 First Grave in Africa
50,000-40,000 Homo Sapiens evolve in Africa
40,000 Earliest Art in S.A. 2
30,000 Use of symbols 8
20,000
Body proportions of the remains of humans in Europe look like they do
today.
See Ancient Civilization Pages for information regarding the rise of civilization around this time.
10,000
MESOLITHIC Settlements
in the Middle East.
End of Last Ice Age
Earliest Farming in Near East.
Earliest use of copper in Near East
8,000 NEOLITHIC Depends greatly on the region. Neolithic economy is a synonym for the process of agriculture introduction and animal domestication. 8000 BC-3000 BC.
6,000 Earliest Pottery in Near East, Japan, later full metallurgy in Near East and S.E. Europe.
5,000 Jericho remains – oldest evidence of a village.
4,5000 First Sumerian settlements.
4,000
Earliest Wheel in Central and Northern Europe and the Near East.
Earliest Writing
3,500-3,000 Sumerian (Sumer and Akkad) cities and temple estates develop
3,000 Beginning of the Minoan Civilization. (Crete,
Greece)
Earliest history of Israel from Egyptian sources
2,750-2,500 Written history begins in Sumeria.
2,100 Royal Palace at Knossos, Crete, Greece.
2,000
Earliest use of iron - widespread
Achaen Invasion of Greece
2nd millennium Oriental texts: A piru group may be the biblical Hebrews: wanderers from Mesopotamia thru Syria/Palestine to Egypt.
1,750 Sumerian people ceased to exist.
1400 Destruction of the Palace at Knossos, Crete
13th century: Moses
1000
King David reign (1000-961)
Yin-Yang concept
961 King Solomon reign (961-922)
950 Iliad and Odyssey (may not have been written by the same person)
800 Hesiod’s poems
776 Olympic Games
753 Rome’s Legendary Founding (Romolus and Remus)
701 Sennacherib attacks Judah
599 Nataputta Vardhamma born Vaisali (modern Bihar) (Jainism)
563 Siddhartha Gotama (563-483) born in Nepal. (Buddhism)
551 Confucius born (551-479)
5th cent Ten Commandments compiled. (Exodus 19-20)
Process of creation, similar to Akkadian epic. A 2nd cent account
found in Genesis Ch. 7 is similar
to Gilgamesh. Utnapishtim’s Tale of the Flood.
480 Battle of Marathon
323 Death of Alexander the Great
210 Worship of Cybels in Rome
149 Destruction of Carthage
31 Julius Ceasar (Augustus) reign (31 BC - 14 AD)
3 circa Birth of Jesus (see Christianity)
13 Ara Pacis by Augustus
311 Edict of Milan
453 Saint Patrick in Ireland
476 End of Western Roman Empire
987 The Kingdom of France commences with King Hugh Capet (reign c987-996)
1170 The first great European silver mines were opened
1192 Venice silver gross coins twelve times heavier
1337-1453 The traditional dates of The Hundred Years War
1517 Martin Luther's 95 Theses on the castle church door in Wittenberg
1545 The Council of Trent first called in France.
In England: construction of looms increases textile output, steam engine, limitless power for machines, coal fired boilers.
1865 Classical Cultural Evolutionism
1895 Evolutionism vs. Diffusionism
It is estimated that 5 million years from now our Sun will burn into a Red Giant Star and vaporize Earth.
1. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Ian Shaw ed. 2000.
2. The British Museum, London 2002.
3. People of the Lake, Leakey – Lewin.
4. Early Man, Paul Jordon, Sutton Packet.
5. Ancient World to 300 AD, Alexander ed., University of Michigan.
6. Roots of Western Religion.
7. The Sumerians, Their History, Culture, and Character, Samuel Noah Kramer. U of Chicago, 1967.
8. Natural Science Museum, London 2002.
9. Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World.
10. Human Origins Richard E Leakey. 1982.
11. www.pbs.org 2002.
12. Natural Science Museum, London 2002.
13. Ancient World to 300 AD, Alexander ed.,
University of Michigan.
14. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.
15. The European Philosophers From Descartes to
Nietzsche, Ed. Monroe C. Beardsley. The Modern Library Edition 1992, New
York. Copyright 1960, Random House.